Just between you and me: did you cheat on last year’s tax re- turn? Maybe “pretty it up” a little in your favor?
No? Yes? Is that illegal? You bet! Is it unethical?
Not everyone seems to think that it is. The United States
Internal Revenue Service estimates that 17% of the American taxpayers cheat. According to a recent survey, more than thirty
million Americans consider it acceptable to make incorrect statements on their tax forms. Apparently, the lines are blurred
quickly when it comes to determining proper ethical conduct. As the tax example shows, what is technically illegal may not
necessarily be considered unethical. The inverse argument fares no better. One but needs to look at debates over
abortion rights or death penalty to realize that a large number of people do not agree that something is ethical just because it
is not illegal.
This topic gets even more complicated when looking at inter- national
business practices. What may be ethically acceptable to few in one country might be widely supported in another. To
revisit our tax example, it is believed that far more than half of Italy’s taxpayers submit incomplete or untruthful forms.
Yet, in cross-cultural business interactions there is a strong
need for finding or establishing common ground between the parties. When trying to establish agreement and identify potential
issues, it may help to categorize the before- mentioned differences. Three possible constellations warrant our consideration:
a. A practice that is widely considered ethical
within both
cultures.
An example could be paying an intermediary between two parties.
We will assume that both sides know of the arrangement. No real issue exists here. Fortunately, many such practices
exist in inter- national business, providing plenty of common ground for coopera- tion and collaboration.
b. A practice that is widely considered unethical
within
both cultures.
An example might be corrupting officials or company represent- atives
by offering them significant personal benefits in exchange for their support. Assuming the practice is also illegal, which
is usually the case, the issue here is not so much one of ethics, but one of enforcement.
Take China, for instance: while a majority of the Chinese believes
that corruption is wrong and while the country’s leaders have attempted to curb it, the practice continues to be a
significant factor in everyday business. The only resort for foreign companies trying to resolve such issues is to seek
the help of local author- ities, their own government, and of organizations such as the WTO or Transparency International.
c. A practice that is widely considered ethical
within one
culture, but not within the other.
This is the field where cultural tensions most often mount.
Examples are numerous and can go both ways: Chinese and South Korean businesspeople will view attempts to re-negotiate a contract
perfectly acceptable even after they signed it – Ameri- cans will likely cry foul. Japanese companies will find it very
un- ethical if a U.S. partner terminates a cooperation agreement be- cause they found a more promising alternative – most
Americans see no issue with that. American companies usually have no problem with simultaneously cooperating and competing
with the same business partner – many Asians and Latin Americans, as well as quite a few Europeans, will consider
that unethical. Amer- icans will refuse paying a government official a small bribe – many people in the Middle East
(and elsewhere) may view that perfectly acceptable.
This last example may bother some a lot. After all, did I
not, under point b., list corruption as an issue both sides should work to eliminate? Correct - but that was about officials
receiving sig- nificant personal benefits. In the “small bribe” case, think of customs or immigration officers
expecting an insignificant sum for their services. To them, such payments come with the job and help increase their
otherwise (in the Middle East) dismal salaries. Most members of their own cultures will find nothing wrong with that
expectation, viewing it comparable to tipping a waiter in the United States.
To resolve these and other ethical disagreements, the party
taking issue needs to recognize that it may be facing a cultural difference rather than intentionally unethical behavior.
That gives them two options, either to tolerate or comply with the other side’s practices, or to work with them by bringing
the concern out in the open and then trying to resolve it together.
Nations and cultures are never unethical. People,
maybe. How- ever, more often than not it “lies in the eyes of the beholder” whether a practice is ethical.
Rather than taking the high moral ground, you will be better off understanding what is going on and taking appropriate action to reconcile
positions.
